Pollution in History Essay -- Essays Papers

Pollution in autobiography Since the beginning of humans existence, pollution has been a bother apace increasing with the growth of the worlds macrocosm. throughout history, it has been a major source of diseases and plagues such as the bubonic plague. Many steps have been interpreted to help solve the pollution problem, a problem that still hasnt been completely solved. One of the earliest forms of pollution was a result of defecation. Bacteria from the human feces would pollute water supplies causing unsoundness for prehistoric man. Other forms of pollution evolved as man evolved from hunter to farmer. Poor drainage on irrigated farmlands would face-lift the water level, polluting the fields with salts leaving the land unusable. salt is still integrity of the most significant and certainly the most wide fete forms of groundwater pollution. 1 With the pitch of each pig, waste removal in knightly Europe increased. Pigs would eat the garbage thrown in the streets by the cit izens, and what the pigs didnt eat, the rain would wash away. Of course, this remaining the town smelling horrendous and the waste serve into the local water supply by the rain, contaminating the drinking water. Unfortunately, the garbage littering the ground created an ideal place for rats, which aided in their population growth. Fleas carrying bacteria string out disease to rats. Famine had struck Europe at this time setting up the perfect conditions for the spread of the bubonic plague. The unchecked plague is estimated to have killed one third of Europes population in two and a half years.2 The industrial conversion spawned a large increase in the population of cities. People emigrated from their country farms because of the promise of jobs in the cities. Howe... ...almost certain that the world will ever be without pollution. either that can be done is to minimize the union of pollution in the world and try to keep it from getting out of control. However, with massive c onsumerism and population growth, this decidedly no easy task. Notes1 Markham, Adam A Brief History of Pollution. New York St. Martins Press. 1994. 2 Markham 6. 3 Jenner, Mark Underground, Overground. Journal of urban History Nov. 1997. 4 Markham, 24. 5 Markham, 21. 6 Bryson, Chris The Donora Fluoride Fog. Earth Island Journal smooth 1998. 7 Jenner, 2. 8 Markham, 61 Works Cited- Bryson, Chris The Donora Fluoride Fog. Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. - Jenner, Mark Underground, Overground. Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. - Markham, Adam A Brief History of Pollution. New York St. Martins Press. 1994. Pollution in History Essay -- Essays PapersPollution in History Since the beginning of human existence, pollution has been a problem rapidly increasing with the growth of the worlds population. Throughout history, it has been a major source of diseases and plagues such as the bubonic plague. Many steps have been taken to help solve the pollution problem, a problem that still hasnt been completely solved. One of the earliest forms of pollution was a result of defecation. Bacteria from the human feces would pollute water supplies causing illness for prehistoric man. Other forms of pollution evolved as man evolved from hunter to farmer. Poor drainage on irrigated farmlands would raise the water level, polluting the fields with salts leaving the land unusable. Salinity is still one of the most significant and certainly the most widespread forms of groundwater pollution. 1 With the birth of each pig, waste removal in medieval Europe increased. Pigs would eat the garbage thrown in the streets by the citizens, and what the pigs didnt eat, the rain would wash away. Of course, this left the town smelling horrendous and the waste washed into the local water supply by the rain, contaminating the drinking water. Unfortunately, the garbage littering the ground created an ideal home for rats, which aided in their population growth. Fleas carrying bacteria spread disease to rats. Famine had struck Europe at this time setting up the perfect conditions for the spread of the bubonic plague. The unchecked plague is estimated to have killed one third of Europes population in two and a half years.2 The industrial revolution spawned a large increase in the population of cities. People emigrated from their country farms because of the promise of jobs in the cities. Howe... ...almost certain that the world will ever be without pollution. All that can be done is to minimize the amount of pollution in the world and try to keep it from getting out of control. However, with massive consumerism and population growth, this definitely no easy task. Notes1 Markham, Adam A Brief History of Pollution. New York St. Martins Press. 1994. 2 Markham 6. 3 Jenner, Mark Underground, Overground. Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. 4 Markham, 24. 5 Markham, 21. 6 Bryson, Chris The Donora Fluoride Fog. Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. 7 Jenner, 2. 8 Markham, 61 Works Cited- Bryson, Chris The Donora Fluoride Fog. Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. - Jenner, Mark Underground, Overground. Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. - Markham, Adam A Brief History of Pollution. New York St. Martins Press. 1994.

The Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers fc

The Atomic BombOn July 16, 1945, the United States of America ushered the world into a new geological era with the successful detonation of an atomic flunk in New Mexico. That era was the nuclear age. Less than a month later, on August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan the first use of a nuclear weapon against an enemy nation. Most of us know of these basic events, but many do not know of the complicated decisions and scientific breakthroughs that paved the way towards that fateful day in Hiroshima. Every day we are closer to having nuclear munition fall in the hands of someone who wishes to do harm with those weapons. Many question why we think the U.S. is justified in having our own atomic collection. This is why it is important to understand how the atomic bomb came about and why we decided it was necessary to use it.First reports of the bombs in Japan only reported that a new type of bomb had been used. Most had no concept of what an atom bomb was or why it was so powerful. The story of the atomic bomb opens with a series of new discoveries in physics that began near the turn of the century. The term classical is applied to the physics that scientists developed prior to that time (Cohen, 17). Much of it came from the operation of the Father of Physics, the great seventeenth-century English scholar, Sir Isaac Newton. Newton was a scientific genius. Today, however, a competent student with a good high school physics bunk probably has a more accurate knowledge of the physical universe than Newton had. This is especially true concerning the most basic building blocks of matter, atoms. Newton, as did others in advance him, developed a theory about the structure of atoms. According to Newtons theory, atoms were like marbles. They were solid and hard, but unlike marbles, they could not be gain ground divided. It was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that scientific experiment began to prove otherwise. Thereafter, know ledge of atomic structure moved ahead very apace (Cohen, 18). By the mid-1930s, dedicated effort by British and other European scientists had revealed a new world of atomic structure, one filled with incredibly fine systems of interacting subatomic particles containing electrons, protons, and neutrons.In 1938, two German physicists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, were experimenting with uranium.

The Days of the Bomb :: Essays Papers

The Days of the Bomb The main goal of the Pacific War was to stop the Japanese from getting out of control. The U.S. government needed to mastermind a message that Japan cannot be allowed to carry out their military imperialism. By 1945, the War in the Pacific was turning quickly to the unify States favor. The United States Army was island hopping, taking each island and moving on to the next, toward the Japanese mainland. However, the Japanese refused surr suppresser. They withstood each attack and refused to run until fully defeated. Although, the United States Army was relentlessly and ineluctably moving towards the Japanese mainland, the Army was still losing troops and equipment. Army officials estimated it would take until the fall of the following year to reach the main island of Japan. In that time, several cardinal thousand lives would be broken on both sides. The Japanese were showing absolutely no sign of surrender. The United States had to do something drastic to e nd the war. They had sightly one option the atomic go bad. An experiment had been conducted in New Mexico involving the harnessing of the ply of the atom. This device would be used in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the United States chance to end World War II quickly. The decision to drop the bomb on Hiroshima came directly from then President Harry S Truman. Additional American lives were lost each day. However, Truman knew about the successful testing of the atomic bomb. On the advice of his cabinet, he decided that the bomb was to be used as soon as humanly possible. The whole idea of the atomic bomb was to use it solely as a military weapon, just as any gun or grenade. Truman knew that unleashing the power of atomic energy in the form of a weapon would have serious consequences on the entire world. However, looking at the outcome of war, there was no doubt that World War II was already having that affect on the globe. The bomb was just part of the whole war. Truman , in his memoirs, even said, I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used.1 Any effects of the bomb would just be casualties of war. Winston Churchill, quality Minister of Great Britain, also saw the bomb as the only way to end the war.

Essay examples --

Over het opeten van twee boterhammen doe je langer dan over n. Je huiswerk maak je sneller als je niet tegelijkertijd tv kijkt. Een reclame die je dagelijks ziet, onthoud je beter dan een die je minder vaak ziet. Kijk nu naar 2 kinderen, waarvan de n tweetalig opgroeit en de ander ntalig. Het tweetalige kind heeft het dubbel zo druk, ook is het taalaanbod verdeeld over twee talen. Betekent dit ook dat meertaligen daardoor langzamer zijn in hun taalverwerving? Wat is het effect op de spraak- en taal ontwikkeling? Welke factoren hebben invloed op taalproblemen bij meertalige kinderen? Op al deze vragen zullen we proberen antwoord te geven in deze deelvraag.Wat is tweetaligheid?Tweetaligheid betekent het kunnen gebruiken van twee verschillende talen in diverse communicatievormen. Het komt niet vaak voor dat beide talen even goed beheerst worden, oftewel een gebalanceerde tweetaligheid. Meestal is er sprake van een dominante taal, deze wordt makkelijker gebruikt dan de tweede taal. Er bestaan twee verschillende soorten tweetaligheid simultane en successieve tweetaligheid.Simultane tweetaligheidEr is sprake van simultane tweetaligheid als een kind twee (soms drie) talen gelijktijdig aanleert. Vanaf jongs af aan worden de talen aangeboden. Van beide talen moeten de woordstructuur, woordvorming en zinsleer worden verworven. In allebei de talen gaan kinderen door dezelfde taalontwikkeling als kinderen die ntalig worden opgevoed. Simultane opvoeding vergt een bepaalde structuur van de ouders. In bepaalde situaties moet een bepaalde taal worden gesproken. Thuis bijvoorbeeld Engels en op school Nederlands.Successieve tweetaligheidAls een kind tot op een latere leeftijd ntalig wordt opgevoed en dan pas in aanraking komt met ... ... in het onderwijs voorkomt. Vaak draait het in zulke gevallen om groepen die minderwaardig worden gezien in een samenleving, zoals Marokkanen in Nederland. dose wordt ook wel subtractieve tweetaligheid genoemd. Dit houdt in dat een kind 2 tal en kan spreken en gebruiken maar beide talen zijn van (te) lage kwaliteit. De andere vorm is additieve tweetaligheid, de eerste taal/moedertaal wordt op een voldoende manier gebruikt en daarom kan er een tweede taal aan worden toegevoegd. Op deze manier van het gebruiken van twee talen ontstaan positieve effecten. Doordat meertalige kinderen al vanaf jongs af aan zich veel bezighouden met taal en verschillen in talen, zijn zij zich er snel bewust van wanneer er bepaalde taalverschijnselen voorkomen. Zij kunnen dit verbinden aan verschijnselen die zij in verschillende talen kennen en daardoor leren ze de nieuwe fenomenen snel aan.

Our Town Critique :: essays research papers

Through December 5th through the 7th, I performed in Thornton Wilders cultivate of Our Town. The except sets or props that the actors or actresses physical exertiond where folding chairs for us to sit in, umbrellas to hide Emily (Julie Dumbler), and flats on both sides of the stage to hide the people behind them. The agent for the lack of set is so the audience can use there imagination of what the town of Grovers Corner, New Hampshire looks like. All the rest of the props that the actors had to use were pan mimed and acted out to the fullest to make it look real. The only other experience with no set was with Miss Henery in Neodesha and it was a disaster so I didnt know how well this was firing to work out. But with the help of our director Peter Ellenstein and the rest of the cast, the pan miming was very successful. Our performance space was a modified thrust stage. The shape of the stage served us well for this play, but the back stage was horrible. All of the chairs that we had to use were folding chairs that made a brood of noise even if you hardly touched one. One neat thing about the play is that all of the sound affects were made by our backstage four-in-hand (Lisa Mitchell) or other members of the cast. In exception for the clock chiming at the end of the play. People who have seen the play tell me that it is a very heart touching play. I did not get that feeling because I was always backstage or onstage. Ether way I didnt get to watch the play so I couldnt see what was so moving about it. The only humor I got was from lines and the funniest person I heard was Professor Willard (Gary Mitchell). The audience is led through the entire play by the Stage film director (Cory Venable). He literally talks to the audience between every scene explaining what is going on in the story. I thought Mr. Wilder did a good job in having a Stage Manager do this. The Stage Manager tells and shows us a story a young girl growing up and facing death, even after death. He show us how Emily Webb (Julie Dumbler) start gets to know her future husband George Gibbs (Eric Cole).

Our Town Critique :: essays research papers

Through December 5th through the 7th, I performed in Thornton Wilders play of Our Town. The only sets or props that the actors or actresses used where folding chairs for us to sit in, umbrellas to hide Emily (Julie Dumbler), and flats on both sides of the stage to hide the community behind them. The reason for the lack of set is so the audience can use there imagination of what the town of Grovers Corner, New Hampshire looks like. All the sculptural relief of the props that the actors had to use were pan mimed and acted out to the fullest to make it look real. The only other experience with no set was with Miss Henery in Neodesha and it was a disaster so I didnt know how well this was going to work out. But with the help of our director Peter Ellenstein and the rest of the cast, the pan miming was actually successful. Our slaying space was a modified thrust stage. The shape of the stage served us well for this play, but the back stage was horrible. All of the chairs that we had to use were folding chairs that do a lot of noise even if you hardly touched one. One neat thing about the play is that all of the sound affects were made by our backstage manager (Lisa Mitchell) or other members of the cast. In exception for the clock chiming at the end of the play. People who have seen the play tell me that it is a very heart moving play. I did not make it that feeling because I was always backstage or onstage. Ether way I didnt get to watch the play so I couldnt see what was so moving about it. The only humor I got was from lines and the funniest person I perceive was Professor Willard (Gary Mitchell). The audience is led through the entire play by the Stage Manager (Cory Venable). He literally talks to the audience between any scene explaining what is going on in the story. I thought Mr. Wilder did a good job in having a Stage Manager do this. The Stage Manager tells and faces us a story a young girl growing up and facing death, even after death. He show us how Emily Webb (Julie Dumbler) first gets to know her future husband George Gibbs (Eric Cole).

Guide to Hardware 6e Ch 9-7 Questions

Class CET1171 PC Service and Support IInstructor Mr. Hudson Date 4/20/2013 Chapter 7 Reviewing the prefatorys 1. Support, Service, retail Associate, Bench, and Helpdesk Technician 2. Bench Technician 3. Patient, Positive/Helpful Attitude, Good Listener, Professional, Dependable 4. Try to resolve everyplace the phone prior to making an appointment, at least terminus the problem 5. Let them know. Apologize and arrange new date and time 6. Start by stating your name, and thence ask them to explain the problem to see if you shag assist you. 7.Ask for permission first 8. Put everything back together the way it was and clean up any mess. Then explain to the customer what you did and what was malfunctioning later on that verify that everything is working 9. Treat other as you would like to be treated. 10. No 11. Go over the basic questions and re-ask the customer so you can mold the problem. Ask the co-worker 12. Kindly ask them if you could use a local telephone to aid you in getting the repair done 13. Tell then who you are and who you work for. Then ask for their name and how may you help them. 4. Be specific With your instructions 15. Dont argue with but dumbfound something that you can both agree on to ease and comfort the customer. 16. Be organized and know your limits with other fellow co-workers 17. To actually see how you talk over the phone and if you have the right personality traits to be successful as a help desk tech 18. To collect evidence, this includes exactly what, when, and from whom evidence was collected, the condition of this evidence, and how was the secured age it was in your possession. 19. To connect to TV cable boxes 20.To input to the PC using HDMO port, you can use a video capture card that has an HDMI input port. 21. wiener workstation 22. NVIDIA Quadro 23. 6 24. To provide a virtual desktop for users on multiple thickening machines Thinking Critically 1. A 2. B and C Chapter 8 Reviewing the Basic 1. fractiousware 2. Blue Scree n of Death 3. One short beep or no beep 4. Power Supply or Filing Hard Drive 5. Administrator Account 6. To keep the board from touching the case 7. Check the BIOS 8. Dont set a tower case directly on thick carpet because the air vent on the bottom front of the case can be blocked. 9.Purchase plastic keyboard cover in a dirty or extremely dusty environment. 10. Because some batteries can contain silver oxide, mercury, lithium, or cadmium and are considered hazardous waste 11. Return in to the manufacturer or dealer to be recycled. Thinking Critically 1. C and B 2. A 3. C 4. C Chapter 9 1. 48 2. 32 bit, 128bit 3. it transfers information from the client to the server. 4. Private IP address 5. class b 6. class c 7. Public IP addresses are licensed and authorized to use the internet. Private IP addresses are not authorized or licensed to use the internet.A figurer with a private IP address uses a proxy server to annoy the internet. 8. IP addresses that begin with 192. 168 are private IP addresses. 9. Static IP addressing 10. The IP address was automatically assigned by windows when it failed to lease an address from the DHCP server. The computer received an APIPA IP address. 11. The mac address 12. ISATAP, Teredo, 6T04 13. Global address can be routed on the internet. These addresses are similar to IPv4 public IP addresses. Most spheric addresses begin with the 2000/3, although other prefixes are being released.The /3 indicates that the first three bits are fixed and are always 001. Link-local address can be employ for communicating with node in the same link. These addresses are similar to IPv4 private IP address and most FE8064 14. 64- bit, 1111 1110 1000 0000 0000 0000 .. 0000 15. Unicast address 16. DHCP server 17. Connection- oriented protocol and UDP 18. The SMTP protocol is used to send email to a recipients mail server, and the POP3 or IMAP4 protocol is used by the client to receive. 19. HTTPS 20. IMAP4 21. NAT 22. LDAP 23. SFTP 24. background signal and Remote Assistance 25. 802. 11n 26. WPA

Package Comparison Materials

Packaging Materials Comparison/G. King 1 Packaging Materials Comparison George King 3141824 Date 24 Mar 2013 Dr. Carmen Mousel Ameri tramp Military University TLMT351 D001 Win 13 Introduction What are advantages and disadvantages within the supply chain for a news report- ground tape drive container, a woodwind-based shipping container and a plastic-based shipping container for use as a distribution package (a non-retail shipping package)? Advantages for using paper-based shipping containers are due to the corrugated box being a sustainable, versatile, and light material.The paper-based shipping container squirt be used for multitudes of outputs and sess be made into a custom-manufactured shipping container for those returns. Typically these containers are used for transporting a wide figure of speech of goods such as packaged goods, produce, meat products, and etc. Corrugated box usages are good for the environment due to it being both reusable and recyclable. The paper pr oduct can be compostable which volition be good for the environment since it will not end up in a landfill if properly handled.Since the product is biodegradable it is better for the environment. 1 Disadvantage for using paper-based shipping containers are due to the paper product coming into contact with outside elements such as being susceptible with wet weather conditions such as rain and snow. Stacking for long periods of time are not good since over time they will lose their shape without some sort of pallet or contour structure included into the design. 1 ? Advantages for using a wood-based shipping container is due to the sturdiness of the product for protecting the contents further.Having a wood container available will allow for it to be exposed to harsh climate changes and rough handling. Wood is less seeming to fall apart due to outside elements and easier for movement in and around the warehouse. These containers are normally built for gruelling products since strengt h is needed for moving heavy loads. Wood boxes are to a fault needed when stacking heavy loads. The wooden crates can be easily transported in and around distribution centers once skids are accustomed to the bottom for forklift accessibility, unlike boxes where a pallet is needed for movement.Modification to wood crates or containers can be easily modified with doors and ramps making it easy to move items in and out. They are also eco friendly for being able to use the wood crates more than once. 2 ? Disadvantage to using wood is that crates can get to primitive temperatures inside they can get too cold and or too hot depending on location. Controlling temperature is an issue. Also, having free space for stacking and moving wood crates can be hazardous. Wood also begins to wear out if utilized multiple times.Pests are an issue, meaning termites may have a field day when wood is exposed over time. Pathogens are of some concern as food inside containers could be exposed to bacteriu m E. coli and salmonella. 2 ? Advantages for using plastic based shipping containers are normally seen with the use of drums. These containers are high in molecular weight and density polyethylene. They can withstand temperatures and are corrosion resistant. They can be used for both food and chemicals. Plastic drums are self supporting and can be used horizontally or vertically.Plastic can be easily molded into the contents of the product for further securing of the product. Handles can be installed for ease of movement. The imagination can run for a long time for clay sculpture your requirement. They can store just about anything. Many industries use plastic containers for warehouse operations, because they come in large sizes and they are stackable. Plastic is durable, cost effective, and can last for a long time. 3 ? Disadvantages of using plastic containers are that they hold smells of past transported product therefore it is expensive to clean plastic.Plastic can also be a he alth issue. Plastic is not bio degradable and many companies will not recycle plastics. When thinking of using plastic for different tasks then it may not be the best option. 4 References 1. Website, http//www. internationalpaper. com/US/EN/Products/Transport/ShippingContainers. html 2. Website, http//www. container-transportation. com/shipping-container-housing. html 3. Website, www. usplastic. com/catalog/item. aspx? itemid=22827&catid=459 4. Website, http//www. ehow. com/info_8562652_advantages-disadvantages-plastic-containers. html

Creative Thinking and Critical Thinking Essay

Throughout history, people with creative minds have created original appraisals which have been useful in the fields of music, art, technology, medicine, and science. Most of these ideas were once branded as im thinkable and ridiculous, but as of today, their heads are considered to as several(prenominal)ists who achieved enormous breakthroughs which helped the world advance (Coon, 2006). Usually, problem-solving is d matchless through mechanical and insightful means which are ground on understanding this kind of problem solving take ups either deductive or inductive intellection in order to achieve themes.Apart from these, problem-solving whitethorn also be dvirtuoso logically (based on previous information or rules) or illogically (based on intuition or personal associations and perceptions). However, much(prenominal) is not the way of creative mentationcreative thinking involves all of these different thinking styles, plus fluency, flexibility, and originality (Coon, 2006 , p. 360). Fluency bed be defined as the consequence of ideas or suggestions that an individual is able to make for a particular problem. Flexibility, on the other hand can be defined as the number of times an individual shifts from one class or type of possible ideas to another.As for originality, it is pertains to how novel or unusual the ideas are (Coon, 2006, p. 360). These can determine an individuals creativity or his capacity for divergent thinking. Creative thinking or divergent thinking means thinking out of the box and develop possibilities. Usually, people tend to solve problems with tried solutions, but with creative thinking, individuals work new and different ideas or answers in order to solve problems (Coon, 2006). Creative thinking is often seen in poems, essays, constructed objects, and drawings (Coon, 2006)however, it can also be seen in everyday life.In fact, creative thinking can come in various forms, one example of creative thinking would be the ever-changi ng ideas when it comes to the automobile industry. Manufacturers are always developing new features and improving them based on the old ideas, thus, achieving variety (Harris, 1998). Another example of creative thinking could involve combining two different ideas in order to come up with a new one which is more effective than the separate ideas, like introducing a dinner theater.Since a lot of people usually go on dates by going to dinner, hence watching a film, perhaps, it would be creative to fuse these two concepts together to create a much more efficient one where people can eat dinner and attain entertainment at the same time (Harris, 1998). Critical thinking, on the other hand, is an entirely different concept from creative thinking. check to Austin Cline (2010), diminutive thinking involves developing a form of intellectual and emotional distance between ones self and ones ideas in order to be able to evaluate the validity, reasonableness, and truth of such ideas.If an in dividual engages in censorious thinking, he should develop rational and reliable evaluations as to what is rational and logical. This simply means that if one engages in critical thinking, one must value skepticism, and engage in a search for the appropriate solution to problems. Critical thinking also involves open-mindedness, differentiating emotion from reason, arguing with the use of knowledge, being skeptical about probabilities, avoiding linguistic misunderstandings, avoid common fallacies, and most important, avoiding the temptation to jump to conclusions.An example of critical thinking would be carefully assessing situations in order to find the appropriate actions required a critical thinker, if perhaps stuck in a situation wherein he is faced with numerous tasks at work, plus the obligation to attend his childs softball game, would carefully evaluate the tasks at hand, produce a schedule by prioritizing and weighing risks and advantages in order to achieve all goals (Jac kson, Ignatavivius, Case, ).Another example would be if an individual is part of a jury, and is listening to the witnesses and the defendants accounts of a murder if the individual engages in critical thinking, then it follows that he should not readily believe either accounts just by taking their word for it. Perhaps the lawyer might call a witness which happens to be the child of the murdered person, and if the individual engages in critical thinking, he must not be swayed by the emotions which are shown by those in the stand, and should be critical in analyzing the facts which are presented in the case.Creative and Critical cerebration Using a Common Example Take for example the language speed kills a lot of people have a general idea about this parlance, that which consists of the fact that it is related to motorists, stating that if they over-speed, they could get into an accident and be killed.If one is to use creative thinking in this particular phrase, the result would o ften involve creating new means to improve the campaign against over-speeding. Creative thinkers are often decision new means to look at things, as well as different means to present such things therefore, these ideas would then be utilized into the development of a new, effective means to strengthen the campaign against over-speeding.Since creative thinking is all about finding new and different ideas in order to find solutions for different problems,which, in this case, is the supposed problem regarding over-speeding, which, presumably, can kill an individual if he gets in an accident, the creative thinker would perhaps develop innovative means of educating people about this particular statement, such as developing an desegregation off billboard advertising and traffic warnings.However, if one is to use critical thinking in this phrase, the result would be different. To a critical thinker, it is not possible to just agree with what the phrase implies and just accept it as it is. It is necessary to analyze what it means and analyze as to whether this assumption is valid. A critical thinker would then look into the scientific proof stating that speed, indeed, kills. Apart from this, the critical thinker would look into statistics, and derive from those statistics as to how reliable this particular statement is.While the critical thinker is not aiming to disprove the phrase which states speed kills, what he would be doing involves strengthen it with reliable sources in order to achieve a conclusion that the phrase speed kills is indeed valid and motorists everywhere should heed its implied advice. It is, of course, necessary to state that if the critical thinker does not find the phrase as valid and reliable, the phrase would then be rendered illogical and irrelevant.Summary As seen in the previous discussion, creative and critical thinking differ in many ways. However, while it cannot be denied that two have their differences when it comes to approaching pro blems, it must be understand that both have their merits and advantages. It is necessary to understand that neither can be considered better when it comes to finding solutions for lifes everyday problems.Instead, an integration of these thinking styles would be far more beneficial, for not all situations call for either creative or critical thinking only. There are those which call for creative thinking, and there are those which call for critical thinking. It is, therefore, necessary to familiarize ones self with both styles, for being able to adapt ones thinking style is essential to effective decision-making processes.

Pros of Lowering Drinking Age Outline

Affirmative side for Lowering Legal Drinking Age (OUTLINE) 1) Human rights. * Individuals who are legally allowed to vote and become married, sign legal contracts, smoke cigarettes, can be responsible when it comes to imbibition alcohol as well. Turning 18 allows one to make their own decisions in life. * Evidence 1 National Youth Rights Association does not feel this is an issue primarily about alcohol rather it is an issue about equality, respect, inconsistency and freedom.Americans of all ages, races, genders, and ethnicities deserve equal respect, and they deserve the right to make their own choices in life. 2) Drink safely in regulated environments * Prohibiting this age group from potable in bars, restaurants, and other licensed locations causes them to drink in unsupervised aspires such as house parties where they may be more prone to binge drinking and other unsafe behavior. * Evidence 1 Among college students, a decades worth of research in the College Alcohol Study found the proportion of students piquant in frequent binge drinking had increased.Compared to 1993, more 18- 24 year students who chose to drink in 2001 were drinking excessively- as defined by frequency of drinking occasions, frequency of drunkenness, and drinking to lodge drunk. * Evidence 2 College students experienced a nearly 10 percent increase in the rate of drinking to get drunk between 1993 and 2001, which corresponded to an increase in secondary consequences and treatment for alcohol overdose. * Evidence 3 National estimates suggest that among full-time college students, 690,000 are involved in assaults, 97,000 are involved in rapes, and 599,000 are injured as a result of alcohol 3) Ineffective * Evidence 1 (Prohibition did not give-up the ghost then) In 1920, alcoholic beverages were banned in the United States. However, the government had created a huge black market for the intoxicating substance by encouraging the drinkers to switch to spirits. It is believed wid ely to have been a misguided and failed social experiment that made alcohol problems worse. Evidence 2 (Prohibition did not work now) 95% of those who will be alcohol consumers in their lifetime take their first drink before age 21 * Evidence 3(Prohibition did not work now) 50% of 18-20 year olds consume alcohol regularly * Evidence 4(Prohibition did not work now) 75% of high school seniors, 60% of sophomores and 40% of eight graders have consumed alcohol * Evidence 5(Prohibition did not work now) 5,000 lives were lost each year by those under the age of 21. Of these, fewer than 40% are traffic fatalities. The vast majority- over 60%- of alcohol-related fatalities take place off roadways

Marketing Mix Cafe Coffee Day Essay

The leading coffee chain across the world, Cafe coffee day has several products which woo to the Indian audience and it has a price which is very much affordable for the upper middle class of India. The promotions be amazing and it has numerous retail outlets which are growing in number across India. This article discusses the marketing mix of Cafe coffee day. ProductCaf hot chocolate Day product mix constitutes a wide range of products that appeal primarily to Indian coffee and snack lovers. Products have a decided Indian bask to it be it food or coffee. Most of the eatables have been adopted to meet the Indian taste buds like samosa, biryani, masala sandwich, tikka sandwich etc. Thus they have been trying to capture the Indian taste along with classic coffee.The best selling item in summer is frappe, which is coffee and ice cream blended together. The new people favor it. In winter it is cappuccino. Their merchandising includes funky stuff like t-shirts, caps etc. Price Cons idering that Caf burnt umber Day shafts its major customer lies in the bracket of 15- 29,it has tried to educe a policy whereby it can satisfy all its customers. The price for a cup of coffee ranges from Rs.45 to Rs 80. From the time it first started its operations, therehas been only minor changes in the determine policy of Caf Coffee Day. The changes havebeen more due to the government taxes than any thing else PlaceThe strategy CCD has adapted is to place a cafe in all(prenominal) possible location where some business can be generated.This is a prime factor in determining the success of a retail chain. Caf Coffee Day looks to cater to their target market with strategically located outlets. Their outlets are generally located in High Street/ Family EntertainmentCenters, gas stations, just about Collegesetc .PromotionCCD is involved in all the areas of serious consumer passion like TelevisionCaf Coffee Day held a contest around a very popular programme on Zee English calledFr iends. All the six lead characters are shown often visiting a coffee shop.They have tied(p) up with Channel Vs Get Gorgeouscontest. Tie-upsBesides that Caf Coffee Day also tie up lot of the youth brands. So they have a contest going on with Levis,another one with Scooty, Liril, latest one with AirtelFriends. Association with moviesCCD can be seen in movies like Khakhee and Mai Hoon Na Sales PromotionCaf Coffee Day uses special Caf Citizen Card for rewarding Caf Coffee Days customers. It is a loyalty program to gain new customers and retain the existing ones. helpThe ordinationing and delivery process in CCD was earlier based on self- service. But now in most its coffee shops the waiter comes and takes away the order and delivers the order on table. Physical evidencea)Logo , image, brand Caf Coffee Day has used bright red and green colors in its logo. RED stands forleadership , vitality,passion for coffee. The dark-green stroke harks back the coffee plantations that they own.Caf is noticeably larger in the logo to denote that Caf Coffee Day pioneered thecaf concept in India way back in 1996.The font looks as though the letters have congealed out of a liquid. b) Architecture and DecorLargely wood and granite based interior with materialization colours of today,like limegreen, yellow, orange, and purple predominate. c) LiteratureThe literature provided by Caf Coffee Day is indicative of its youthful image. Themenus, posters, pamphlets are all designed to attract young and young at heart People People at Caf Coffee Day believe that People are hired for what they know but fired for how they yield. Motivation and personal skill are laid emphasize upon. Their employees are like friend to the customer but at the same time they know about the international standards of hygiene and cleanliness and personal grooming.

The Influence of Art on Common People

The Influence of wile on Common People ruse is a medium of self-expression it can also be a challenge that intimidates stack. Art can influence common people in many government agencys It could be a source of inspiration for people with hidden artistic skill it could ignite the passion to create virtually intimacy of beauty it could unblock fears and insecurities, wrote author molly Prather in her article, How does art influence people? Or it could easily be ignored. Dr. Margarita lettuce, an art appreciation instructor at HCC, defines common people as those who atomic number 18 not exposed to art or those who argon not familiar with visiting museums.This includes people who consider art alien. She talked or so the influence of art on common people saying, Some people ignore art or consider it weird. Others ask themselves what is this for? Many of them do not find answer. But for some people who find in art an answer, it is a disco very(prenominal). Sharon Hendry, a graph ic designer, artist and HCC instructor, has another point of view Artists have two main objectives when they do art One is to put something in a visual format to express a message and second is that they use art as a medium of communication. Art can communicate without words, she added.Common people are affected by art in different ways. Hendry said, People react when they look at an artwork filtering their emotions through their personal experiences, their personal history. The way people are affected by art, Dr. Cole said, depends a lot on their upbringing the kernel of exposure to art that they have and what is their conception of beauty. Art is a medium of communication and it can have a deep impact, or be very tenuous. If we are open to art, we can take advantage of it if we are closed to it, there is no way, Dr. Cole commented. She added, Deep (arts communication) as you accommodate it to go.If you allow yourself to feel the soul of the artist you are going deep. Hendry made an example about communication When you text a message in your cell phone, you are trying to communicate with somebody. The other person could receive or deny your message. If the person that you are trying to communicate with sends you a response, you are establishing communication. The only way that an artist knows if his artwork communicates a message is when he receives feedback, she added. Some people are reluctant to engage with art maybe because they do not require to allow a communication with it.Dr. Cole talked about a case A student came to me after class and told me about a collage concession he was trying to work on it but it was very difficult to do and he could not finish it. Actually, he was not scared about the work otherwise he was showing his insecurity to do the task. We can put people in front of a challenge and some get out say Okay lets do it. Others will react the opposite way, refusing to do it when in fact, they are reacting to their fears. Art ca n serve as inspiration to awaken the imagination, talent and skill hiding in someone.It can unlock your fears and insecurities about creating, Prather wrote. Hendry corroborated this, saying, This is why art is important to me in my life. All those thing inspires creativity, discovers hidden talent and unlocks fears and insecurities have helped me and helped my students. Anna Reyner, an art therapist, wrote the article Art Influences Learning in which she said, Much has been written about how art enhances creativity, imagination, and self-esteem, but far little is said about how art encourages cognition, critical thinking, and learning. She mentions the U.S. Secretary of Education report, The Value Added Benefits of the Arts, which states, Studies have shown that arts teaching and learning can increase students cognitive and social development. The arts can be the link for students in developing the crucial thinking skills and motivations they need to achieve at higher levels. In the same article Reyner wrote, Our current education system places great emphasis on academic development. As a result, arts programs are being trim down or even eliminated from classrooms to accommodate more didactic teaching methods. Broadly speaking, are common people aware at the importance of art as a part of childrens education? Dr. Cole opined, If they are not exposed to art, they are not going to be able to do anything. Dr. Cole said, My students have to go to museums as a part of the class requirements, but a lot of them are not interested and are reluctant to do the assignment. If you are not exposed to art, it is likely the next generation will not be exposed to art either. Politics is more advocates trying to knead money, Hendry commented. Consequently, art is not a priority in the line of their funding. Art is present in everyday routines in many ways. Many people are aware of it while others are not still others are indifferent. Promoting the benefits of art co uld be a difficult task. To promote art, Dr. Cole said, we have to expose people to art, encourage them to visit museums, and also educate gallery personnel to bring friendly treatment. Some people go to museums and get out angry because of the bragging(a) treatment by the personnel.Educating gallery personnel is very important if you want to promote art. Parents have to encourage children to be involved in art, Hendry commented, but many times they are very busy or they do not know how beneficial art is on their childrens educational process. Children learn topper when both sides of their brains are stimulated, writer Kevin Crockett said in the online article How Art Influences Childhood-Development? This occurs when the learning environment is both participatory and interactive.The modern classroom does have a participatory side but it is sorely lacking in interactivity. Drawing and art is one of the best ways to bring interactivity into your childs life. Art has to be includ ed in the raising of child, Dr. Cole stressed. It is very important to encourage trips to museums, developing child interaction with artworks. Do not under figure the importance of creativity, the ability to think abstractly (out of the box). The best thinkers, inventors, and entrepreneurs of our time have a healthy dose of right brain influence, wrote Crockett.

“Father Returning Home” by Dilip Chitre Essay

Dilip Purushottam Chitre was one of the foremost Indian writers and critics of the post Independence India. Apart from a being a writer, he was also a painter and a filmmaker. Father Returning home plate is a short and appealing poem about an old man in a cosmopolitan city where his own sons and daughters treat him as an alien. He himself is estranged from the man-made world. Through this poem, Chitre has denounced the urban rootlessness and alienation.The first stanza of Father Returning Home describes the train journey of his father while returning home one evening. The father stands among commuters in the yellow light of a local compartment. The poet describes his fathers reaction against the sights of the suburbs that pass by. His father remains unmoved by the sights because they are too familiar to him. That is quite normal, isnt it? We hardly pay attention to those places where we last every day, unless the place has something interesting to offer. Same was with the poets fat her. The poet then describes his fathers pathetic condition, as he travels during the rainy season. His clothes become smash and dirty.The black raincoat that he wears becomes stained with mud. His bag crumbles with the heavy load of the books. Due to old age, the poets fathers eyesight has become slimy and therefore he finds difficulty to move about in the dark. The poet says that he can see his father getting down the train like a word dropped from a long sentence. The sentence is highly unique and it provides an evocative image of an old man who gets down from the train as if he is no longer relevant to it. The poet then sees his father hurrying through the long, grey platform.The man seems to be as old as the platform, who has been using it as a part of his routine. He crosses the railway tracks and hurries home through muddy lanes on a rainy day. This is indicated by his chappals which are sticky with mud. This stanza portrays the monotonousness of the old man, who sustains t he vagaries of weather as well as the estrangement from the man-made.The second stanza, the poet represents the alienation of his father that he experiences in his own dwelling.

Explanations of crime deviance Essay

The remunerate realist perspective on abhorrence is mainly associated with the American sociologist W.J Wilson. This perspective became very influential on pedestal office policy-making during the conservatives period in office.The right realist approach assumes that human beings are naturally selfish, individualistic and greedy. Therefore ther are naturally inclined to push their interest, even if this means comitting execration. They also believe the origins of crime are misunderstood, that is policies aimed at tackling crime by removing complaisant and economic inequalities. Wilson noted that the Great Depression in the USA did not result in a rise in crime. Another right realist explanation is that the welfare state has undermined our sense of obligation to have got each other, andthat community controls, i.e. informal controls imposed by neighbours, family and peer pigeonholings are breaking down. proper realists idiom that attempts to explain the causes of crime should be abandoned and that sociologists should instead focus on finding practical solutions to tiresome the growth of crime. This developed the control theory.Hirschi argues that crime is opportunistic and anyone would commit crime if the situation was right and in that respect was little chance of being caught. He says that sociologists should not focus on whypeople commit crime except why more people do not. He maintains that close people are rational in their choices and that there are controls that operate to make most people keep their actions within the bounds of the law. They are, Attachment- loading to family relationships which could be threatened by fell acts, Commitment- years of education, building a career, buying a home and aquiring a good reputation, all this could be lost by commiting crime, Involvement- some people are activley pertain in community liveness as volunteers, parentgovernors for schools etc. all this would be jepordized by brutal behaviour.Right re alists believe the way to control crime is to take practical measures to make sure the cost of crime outweighs the benefits.Left realists such as pastureland and materialisation attempt to explain lane crime in urban areas. Theirvictim survey of inner-city Islington showed that working class, black peopleand especially elderly women, had a realistic fear of street crime. Lea and Young argue that despite evidence of police racism, criminal statistics are largely good as working classes and Afro-Caribbeans do commit the most crime.They agreed thatwhite-collar and crimes go largely undetected and under punished, they do not point out however that they do not have the comparable negative impact on society as crimes such as mugging or burglary.Lea and Young maintain the reason why working class and Afro-Caribbean people commit crime is to do with feelings of sexual congress deprivation, such as comparing themselves to middle class or white callowness with regard to life chances, l iving standards and income. Such groups feel frustrated with their lack of power. Negative treatment by the police and regime leave groups feeling hostile and resentful, consequnently they are marginalized. Some mayform subcultures to help copewith the statusfrustration and marginalization.Hughes notes that left realists should be valued for the quarrel they posed to radical criminologys thinking on the issues of intra-class and intra-ethnic crimes.Left realism has drawn attention to the brutalising effect of street crimes in the inner-city and the fact that some theories of crime have romanticised offenders, it has highlighted the effects of crime for victims, a group neglected by most theories of crime. It realistically acknowledges that the police amplify the presence of some groups in the criminal statistics through the use of stop and search, but points out that policing is quite rightly focusing on those groups most likley to commit crime. There is no emperical evidence to support the view that young working class or black criminals interpret their realities in the way described by Lea and Young.Research on the motives of offenders is required. Lea and Young do not really explain why the majority of working class and Afro-Caribbean youth do not turn to crime. Left realism only focuses on collective or subcultural criminal responses and does not explain crimes such as burglary, which arecommited by individuals rather than gangs. It focuses exclusivley on street crime and ignores other serious crimes such as fraud and it fails to account for oppurtunistic crime commited by adults.

Case Analysis on Capital Structure Pioneer Petroleum Essay

entreeThis landmark case seeks to break the risk-reward trade off involved in calculating Capital monetary value. The object glass of the rootage moldiness be to minimize stick out risks while maximizing project opportunities forthcoming. We want a appreciate and a rating system that does non unnecessarily jib the best available projects i.e. highest solve positive free cash-flows at that judgment of conviction. Particularly in times of excess capacity, this volition marginally put forward to increasing companionship entire exits, but willing non necessarily match the social club- dewy-eyed yield compel by investors.History of the Company and Background of the cuticleSometime in July 1991, one of the critical line of works confronting forethought and the board of open up crude Corpoproportionn, hereinafter referred to as trailblazer, is about Capital Budgeting specifically they take uped to picture the Minimum Acceptable prescribe of Return, or MARR, on new seat of government investments. Their capital budgeting approach was to brook all proposed investments with a positive net present value when cash-flows ar discounted at such allot toll of capital.Formed in 1924 through mergers of several formerly independent firms direct in the cover refining, pipeline transportation, and industrial chemical fields, pioneer start did vertical, horizontal, and backward integrations into exploration and production of crude oil, selling refined petroleum products, plastics, agricultural chemicals, and later diversified into real estate development. In 1985 Pioneer restructured pull ahead into hydrocarbon- ground oil, gas, coal, and petrochemicals.Statement of the ProblemWhat count or rating system will address specific, inherent risks of particles and operational sphere of influences AND consider earns ascribed to the exclusive- locate burden Average Cost of Capital approach? How can we garter Pioneer oil colour make an objecti ve, rational choice on the vault or cut-off enjoin for evaluation of new projects in a fully integ roamd conglomerate of threefold divisions take root whether they should use the SINGLE friendship wide Weighted Average Cost of Capital, which reflect the evaluate at their face value to the company, OR proposed seven-fold Divisional Cost of Capital, which reflects risk-profit characteristics inherent in various divisions and direct sectors.Objectives/ Directions of the Solution1) The decision must help the heed and board of directors of Pioneer Petroleum find on the unobjectionable and objective burial vault Rate/s that will slightly qualify new investment projects of Pioneer Petroleum divisions 2) Whatever the recommendation ought to be consistent with facts of the case, and provide consonance, rather than inconsonance, with the efforts of both the division and interchange or corporate management to execute strategy, leverage on strengths, and empower the company to mak e investments to gain and sustain competitive advantage. 3) The recommended project rate and rating system must be simple, objective and fair. 4) It must consider specific, inherent risks of divisions and operate sectors 5) It must alike address the interest of stockholders to maximize gift on their equity or investments. field Facts and Assumptions1) It is the Policy of the board to balance the blood line of funds, or to keep the funded debt and equity ratio at 5050 . Debt and Equity financial ratios ar a. D-E ratio for refining is 1.51,b. D-E for the exploration is 0.81.2) The Income Tax Rate is effrontery at 34%.3) Revenue is $15.6 one thousand thousand4) Net income $1.5 billion.5) It is given that dividends increased by 10% in 1990 and 1991, and at that placefore we will assume to use the higher target equity yields of 2.7 (add the 10%), rather than 2.45 the factual yield of 1989. 6) The companys Corporate Debt was A-rated this means it is deemed to carry much low risk than the ecumenic investing or borrowing public. 7) Capital Expenditure budget atomic number 18 enormous, $3.1 billion in 1990 and $4.5 billion in 1991, underscoring the significance of appropriate and accurate weights and calculations for Cost of Capital.Strengths and Opportunities.Pioneer was one of the primary producers of Alaskan Crude. The companys gasoline are among the cleanest burn fuels. By 1990, total revenues exceeded $15.6 one million million million and net income over $1.5 mensurationion. Pioneer supplied its own raw material for domestic petroleum liquids production and was alike one of the most efficient refiners of the West Coast and had an extensive West Cost presence. The company has clean, efficient running plants positioned to meet fixed environmental guidelines gain on less polluted products. Capital expenditure investments ran at $3.1 Billion, with forecasted expenditures of almost $4.5 Billion in 1991. Pioneer was also intemperately invested in Envir onmental projects. Its chemical unit produced 1/3 of the worlds supply of methyl tertiary butyl ether, MTBE, an ingredient making its gasoline one of the cleanest burning in the application.The MTBE market had been growing with the global trends towards sustained development of the environment.Refining its embody of capital calculations will not only preserve its much-needed capital, but it also unlocks new capital and maximizes existing capital to capitalize on such huge opportunities, particularly the passing of the 1990 Clean Air Act with which came tremendous surface area in which Pioneer might capitalize on its eco-strengths.Weaknesses and ThreatsTo meet Pioneer expected to invest $3 Billion additional to meet the new laws standards among other new environmental regulations. Its multinational status makes it vulnerable to foreign currency exchange risks, political risks, interest rate volatility, cultural risks, and reassign pricing and other transnational risks involvi ng a complex network of sources, sinks and of moneys, products and services.Its fully integrated set-up gets spreads itself quite thinly, and requires broadloom transnational collaboration and cross-border coordination to work. Management wanted synergy among global divisions to optimize overall performance, and obviously to diminish these complex risks.MethodologyThe weight cost of capital approach is applied, first apportioned pro rata based the usual cost of the fund source i.e. debt and/or equity. The cost of debt would be prevailing interest rates, and the cost of equity would be foregone earnings on capital invested as equity i.e. earnings per percentage over market value per share.The second approach is similar, but with multiple cutoff rates. outset it is mazed down by Divisional Cost of Capital i.e. calculated using a weighted medium cost of capital approach, but this time for separately division or operating(a) sector originally further drilling down by cost pe r fund source. Calculations would follow three (3) steps a) First an estimate would be made of the usual capital structure, or debt to equity dimensions, of independently financed firms operating in individually sector. b) Given these residuals by sector, for each operating sector, the be of capital divisional debt and equity would accordingly be estimated in accord with the concepts followed by the company in estimating its own cost of capital. This means Divisions are to use the WACC rules followed by the company, in estimating its own Weighted Average Cost of Capital. To describe this approach in a financial consumptionThe Weighted Average Cost of Capital = WACC = sum of Divisional costs of capital = nerve center total of Divisional Costs of Debt plus Divisional Costs of Equity3Decision Alternatives for Selection of marginally Attractive Rates of ReturnManagement and the board are choosing between two alternative approaches1) The hotshot WACC Rate, company-wide Weighte d Cost of Capital approach, where specific rates weighted were those based on the sources of fund, debt and equity, in estimated proportion of future funds sourced AND 2) Multiple Cut-off or Multiple overleap Rates for Divisional Costs of capital, involving ascertain the rates or weighted costs of capital for each main operational Sector. 3) Hybrid or Combination in that locationof taking the positive aspects or advantages of both methods i.e. for example, the requirements of stockholders for return on equity on the one hand, AND the requirements of divisions or operating sectors to address specific local risks, and implications on local incentives.Case abridgment and Discussion.The two alternative approaches purpose and benefits are culled from the case, as follows1) The single, company-wide Weighted Cost of Capital approach, where specific rates weighted were those based on the sources of fund, debt and equity, in estimated proportion of future funds sourced this gave a WACC rate of 9.0%. Proponents of the single rate might argue as follows a. It is far simpler to calculate.b. It covers the actual rate or cost of the source of funds at face value of bonds or watchs payable, or statements of stock or equity c. It appears to be more(prenominal) conservative than divisional rates because it does not consider economies of scale of fully integrated conglomerates that benefit the divisions or subsidiaries in ways that not reflected in the divisional costs of capital or rates. d. The riddle or effect of such diversification benefits on the rate is that Divisional Rates calculated independently, may be considered write down in reality. Why charge sunk costs, one might ask to the division. The problem here is that the hurdle rate may be too high for many projects, and therefore unduly rejected when in fact they ought to be accepted. IF they are accepted by competitors with similar integration benefits, perhaps, they will benefit from marginal income and grab this benefit from Pioneers subsidiaries.e. Pioneers shareholders expected the company to invest funds in the highest return projects available. f. Proponents of the single corporate rate argued that those advocating multiple rates were those who were not able to compete effectively for new funds, when measured against the corporate groups actual cost of capital. g. Single-proponent advocates lacked confidence in the fairness and right of the process of selection of divisional rates. For example, the transport division had unrealistically low hurdle rates considering experience in tanker investments had been disastrous for many companies.There were also still somewhat areas of ambiguity, such as how to treat environmental projects (or for this matter, primaeval HQ projects over which Divisions do little or no control). h. Another concern was how the benefits of full integration acquired through very(prenominal) expensive mergers and acquisitions would be considered in di visional rates. IF divisions lowered their rates, this might not be enough to cover central requirements. i. Reduced risk, economies of scale and other diversification gifts remained unaccounted for in the proposed divisional costs of capital approach. There were considerably less risks for instance in subsidiaries of an integrated firm like Pioneer, than for independent petroleum dealers or non-members of the group. This macrocosm the case, was it fair to demand such a high hurdle rate given that the risks were much lower at some divisions than others?2) Multiple Cut-off or Multiple Hurdle Rates for Divisional Costs of capital, involving let out the rates or weighted costs of capital for each main Operating Sector. The divisional rate approach seems far more complex, but proponents of divisional costs of capital argued included the following purposes and advantages of this synopsis a. The proponents of multiple divisional hurdle rates argued that a single companywide cost of capital (WACC) subsidized the higher-risk divisions at the expense of lower risk divisions. b. Because the cost of capital was too high for the low-risk divisions, too few low-risk investments were made. c. On the other hand, in the high-risk divisions too much investment occurred because the hurdle rate was too low. As evidence, proponents of multiple rates noted that Pioneer was the only major company that continued to invest heavily in exploration and development, and that it lagged behind its competitors in market and transportation investment.d. The divisional rates approach there was nothing new in the calculations except that sector rates would reflect the risks inherent in each of the operating sectors of the conglomerate. e. Evaluation of future capital expenditure or investments in each of the main operating areas of the company would be appraised pro rata based on the appropriate rate of return for that attention sectorf. For evaluation of actual financial performance say, for incentives and bonuses multiple cutoff rates would fairly represent the rates charged to each of the various profit centers for capital they employed or borrowed from headquarters so to call g. The proponents for multiple divisional hurdle rates also argued that the companywide cost of capital was too low, and that investments should be indispensable to earn at least as much as an investment in common stocks. The median(a) return since 1980 on the S&P index of common stocks of 16.25% substantially exceeded the 9% companywide cost of capital (see Exhibit 2). If Pioneer was serious about competing over the long run in industries with such different risk-profit characteristics, it was absolutely essential to relate internal target rates of return to the individual rail linees.It was argued by proponents of the multiple divisional cutoff rates that for subsidiaries and sister firms of integrated firms like Pioneer, the inter-company-benefits mitigated the risks involved with large refinery investments. then in some cases rates lower than companywide rates of return were honourableified. There was a diversification premium which ought to be allocated back or deducted from the subsidiary discount rates, as calculated previously in proportion to the relation between the investment in each subsidiary and, say, the companys total asset. recipe used for Weighted average cost of capital isWACC = K(d) + K(e) = Kd(1-t)*DEd + Ke*DEePioneers original calculations for WACC are summarized as followsFrom Exhibit 1The case mentions however, that the interest used is a coupon of 12%, assuming it retains an A rating, and a 34% tax rate, this represented a 7.92% cost after tax. According to Investopedia, coupon is delimitate as the interest rate stated on a bond when its issued. The coupon is typically paid semiannually. This is also referred to as the coupon rate or coupon percent rate.The divisional cost of capital would then be calculated using a WACC approac h for each Operating sector i.e. as though each sector were an independent company competing in its own industry -Note that the same WACC formula above is used to estimate divisional cost of capital, except it is not company wide, WACC rates in specific operating sectors such as business.. The divisional perspective overlooked that each business was also part of an integrated company with risk diversification benefits, economies of scale and other integration benefits, say of a large refinery.The case pointed out the weakness of a single-rate policy. On the one hand, very few low risk investments were made, precisely because of the high rate of return on investment demand by the pre-assessment. The hurdle rate was too steep for low risk divisions. Too few passed the gauntlet, so to speak. On the other hand, too much money was invested in high-risk divisions, because the hurdle rate on those operating sectors, was too low. Some members of top management felt that Company-wide cost o f capital rates was too low, and investments should be required to earn at least as much as Common stocks or over 14%.A couple of corrections need to be suggested on the single rate WACC of Pioneer.WACC = Kd + KeCost of equity, Ke. Note that after prolonged debate, Pioneer (management and board) decided to use 10%, which was the equivalent of $6.15 remuneration per Share divided by $63 Market Price per share. Using current earnings yield of their stock as the cost of both new equity stock and retained earnings. In other words the 10% used was based on actual dividend yield and not the projected or the required rate of return for the companys stock.Given a dividend growth rate of 10%, a share Market Price of $63, the next target dividend at $2.70 ( = $2.45 plus 10%), and the ratio of Equity to Debt at 5050, then the cost of equity is therefore calculated as followsCost of equity Ke = ((Target Dividend Value/Market Price)+Growth in dividends)*DEe = ((2.70/63) + 0.1)*(50%)= 14.3%.Cos t of debt, Kd It seems the actual interest rate afforded Pioneer was not in truth given in the case. What was used by management was the 12% coupon rate on bonds. Since Pioneer was an A-rated client, or deemed to carry very low risk, then this status ought to translate into a significantly lower cost of money or interest rate. To my understanding, a coupon rate would be like the hotel rack rate which would be much higher than what an A-rated client like Pioneer would be accommodated with.Let us assume a prime interest rate of 9%. Allow me to note that this assumption is just for the case exercise, but such information ought to be readily be available in the real world. The cost of debt is thereforeCost of debt Kd = Interest Rate * (1-Tax Rate)= 9% (1 34%)= 5.94%. collectible to the 50-50 debt to equity capital structure, the actual cost of debt is 2.65%.The WACC is summarized as followsThe new WACC is 10.12%, as against the 9% estimated by Pioneer management. This means that compan ywide, projects that show a rate of return lower than 10.12% will not be approved. This is evenhandedly double edged, because it might mean that some projects which are less viable, but viable nevertheless, will be unduly rejected.It is suggested that rather than rejecting let there be a cap set on investments, and more flexibility be given on rates of return sometimes this may be opened to abuse and manipulation. There are other countless foretelling signs of project success of failure than just numbers. As shown in this case, the hurdle rate WACC may vary, depending on the assumptions for instance, if the debt to equity proportion changes, then the 5050 policy might be irrelevant.Conclusions and passportsFLEXIBILITYCUTOFF RateStop Loss Limits prodigyUnderstand Risks, but also OpportunitiesBest-selling author of Rich Dad, Poor Dad, Robert Kiyosaki wrote, Risk is a function of Ignorance. It is always risky if it is not clear or understood. Unless objectively determined based on f acts, a single, companywide rate of return used for expediencys sake, is just as risky as a multiple-cut divisional cost of capital rate, that supposedly considers local risks of specific divisions or operating sectors.Conclusion and RecommendationCapital Structure2 is the mix (or proportion) of a firms permanent long-term financing represented by debt, preferred stock, and common stock equity, greatly affected by specific costs of capital or assigned hurdle rates, say in assessing weighted average costs of capital.CORE ISSUE Hurdle rates2 are measures of the cost of capital, combined debt and equity, which a company targets for its projects to achieve in the planning period. The hurdle rates significance cannot be over-emphasized. If it is set too highly, it may spell tremendous losses in opportunities, or rejection of perfectly viable projects. This can also cause demoralization on the part of division personnel, who are rated based on such high hurdle rates. This means it is mor e difficulty to achieve, and thereby affecting managers and employees performance appraisals, bonuses and incentives.On the other hand, if we set hurdle rates too low in the game of golf, we might call this practice sand-bagging, or reporting a higher, more forgiving deterrent to increase chances of achieving it , this would be a major disservice to investors who expect maximum returns on their investments. They expect integrity in leadership, fair stewardship and good governance on the part of the board and senior management whom they receive elected to run company affairs in their behalf.One limitation of classical estimates on Hurdle rates or Costs of Capital is that (1) investment and asset management decisions are held constant and (2) they consider only debt-versus-equity financing, which are not necessarily the only sources of financing.Recommendation HYBRID SINGLE-MULTIPLE HURDLE RATEThe dissolvent must address specific legitimate needs of the different players, specific ally the Stockholders, the Division heads, and top Management.Stockholders require pause total returns on equity, and proponents of the Single rate assume that the only way to achieve let on overall returns on equity is to set company wide hurdle rates or weighted average costs of capital. They actually are not as concerned as division heads are, that some divisions are subsidizing others. This is not a sustainable practice. Pretty soon the masters who subsidize the losers will not find enough incentive to perform, and eventually leave.Division heads will be split into to. Winners, or Performers, and Losers, or non-performers. altitude management must listen to winners and ought to reward them, outrageously, if they are to keep performing for the long term. This means that for winner industries, the practice of attaining a hurdle rate which in players perception is too low becomes a deterrence over time. On the other hand, in non-performing divisions, good players that find the hurdle rates too high, are totally disillusioned and demoralized when standards are lowered to accommodate them.On a wider scope, Pioneer Petroleum needs to find a fair way to allocate central costs in accordance with responsibilities and to determine strategic and financial measures including, but not limited to the Cost of Capital between the central or corporate headquarters and its divisions and subsidiaries. This leads to less inter-departmental and inter-company conflicts, and more cooperation and synergy, which are necessary to for any breakthroughs to happen, i.e. in the complaint of better project execution, better decisions and a more positive working environment.The recommended solution may be described as follows.1) The policy we recommend is simplyCompany Wide WACC = Sum of Divisional WACCs = Sum of Local Costs ofDebt plus Local Costs of Equity2) The 5050 capital structure does not seem like a well founded policy and must be revisited. The objective must also includ e maximization of risks and returns, and not to literally balance debt to equity capital structure. 3) An evaluation and rating system must be set up to allow managers to think global, but to act local. This means we do a Hybrid system of Corporate-and-Divisional hurdle rates, maximizing the benefits of both, and ascribing responsibility for the rate, where it is rightfully assigned. For example, the division management is prudent for maximizing its return rate, given the resources it is allowed access to, and given the authority and responsibility in its portfolio. Division managers are not responsible for a company-wide rate just as much as it does not keep back any control over other companies, or over corporate financial, operating or marketing strategy. 4) The total company-wide Rates of Returns (e.g. 10-15%) on Investments or capital expenditure, are the responsibility of top management, and to achieve this, there are other ways, besides imposing this global rate on every si ngle operating division or subsidiary.5) A fair system of multiple hurdle rates ought to reflected the specific risk-profit idiosyncrasies of its business divisions and operating sectors in which the companys subsidiaries operated. 6) Using multiple hurdle rates will actually combine the strengths of performers in both winner and loser industry divisions. Fact is, the latter are not actually losers just lower yields but still positive yields, which might be descriptive of industry performance. The key hurdle rates to accommodate this, might therefore be industry-specific MARRs or WACCs. As mentioned, the rate or rating system must consider specific, inherent risks of divisions and operating sectors and at the same time consider benefits ascribed to the single-rate Weighted Average Cost of Capital approach.7) Aside from just calculating a fair rate, as financial advisors, we must equip Pioneer Petroleum top management with a better designed, more objective and more rational (less e motional) rating system to help them rationally choose the corporate-and-divisional hurdle rates for evaluation of new projects in a fully integrated conglomerate of multiple divisions determine whether they should use the SINGLE company wide Weighted Average Cost of Capital, which reflect the rates at their face value to the company, OR proposed MULTIPLE Divisional Cost of Capital, which reflects risk-profit characteristics inherent in various divisions and operating sectors.8) The above rating system will help the management and board of directors of Pioneer Petroleum decide every year on the fair and objective Hurdle Rate/s that will fairly qualify new investment projects of Pioneer Petroleum divisions. a. It considers specific, inherent risks of divisions and operating sectors b. It addresses the interest of stockholders to maximize return on their equity or investments, which is ultimately the responsibility of TOP corporate management. c. It still uses the familiar Weighted Average Cost of Capital approach in calculating both single-company wide HURDLE rate, and divisional YIELD and HURDLE rates. d. Finally the solution MAXIMIZES OPPORTUNITY available in that it does not unnecessarily reject the best available net positive cashflow projects at that time which contribute to increasing company wide yields, but do not necessarily match the company wide yield.I believe this solution is easy to execute. It clarifies what rates to use as hurdle rates to truly evaluate . The solution must be win-win and acceptable proponents of both single and multiple ratesReferences1Pioneer Petroleum Corporation, Case on Divisional Cost of Capital. Copyright 1991 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Harvard Business School Case 292-011.2Capital Structure. Chapter 17, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12/e Pearson discipline Limited 2004 Slides by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D., Carroll College, Waukesha, WI3Investors need a good WACC. Bill McLure, Investope dia Contributor, www.investopedia.com, http//www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental/03/061103.asp4Definition of Weighted Average Cost of Capital. Bill McLure, Investopedia Contributor, http//www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wacc.asp5Which is a better measure for capital budgeting, IRR or NPV? Rob Renaud, detective work Profitability with ROCE. http//www.investopedia.com/ask/ViewFAQPrintable.aspx?url=%2fask%2fanswers%2f05%2firrvsnpvcapitalbudgeting.aspAccounts Receivable and Inventory Management Chapter 10, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12/e, Pearson Education Limited 2004, Slides Created by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D. Carroll College, Waukesha, WIDebt and Stocks, Chapter 20, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12/e, Pearson Education Limited 2004,Finance Decisions and Investments, 2012 Lecture Notes by Dean Atty Joe-Santos Bisquera, LLB, CPA, MBA, De La Salle University College of Business Graduate School

Death Penalty in India Essay

Short Essay on the capital of the United call forths Punishment in India Capital punishment has been a matter of debate for long now, and across the world public opinion is, by and large, in favour of abolishing it, as it is increasingly seen as a barbaric measure to check crime. new abolitionist jurists are of the view that if killing is wrong, no amount of legal or social embolden can make it right.If it is wrong for a man to kill another man, so it is even for the State to do. Besides, citing statistics, they argue that capital punishment has had no visible effect as a deterrent and has abruptly failed to bring in a dip in the number of murders, which, according to them, makes capital punishment whole useless.Why kill the killers when it helps none and nothing, seems to be the belief. To them, capital punishment is a barbarous measure of no avail that has its place in the annals of history and not in modern statute books.abolition of destruction penalty is largely seen as a step in the interest of benignant haughtiness in line with condition 5 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and its communications protocol in 1989, besides, of course, Article 3 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted on December 10, 1948 and Article 21 of our own Constitution.The arguments on the side of the retentionists are equally strong. However, in India the Supreme Court has make finale penalty applicable only to the rarest of rare faux pass the cases where the act is no less than shocking to human conscience.The landmark cases where the death sentences were awarded in India are Ranga Billa case, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi Assassination case, Laxman Nayak case and most recently in 2004 Hatab case of West Bengal where accused Dhananjoy Chatterjee was hanged on 14 August, 2004, on his birthday, after Supreme Court affirmed the death sentence awarded by the lower courts. The President also declined his plea for pardon.In the year 20 03 government set(p) a Bill in the Parliament, which proposed to add a provision of death penalty in Drugs and Cosmetics Act. afterwards the new government came in power in June 2004, President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam suggested that Parliament should consider the abolition of death sentence altogether.

Fast Food Nation Essay

integrity thing that most people dont seem to understand active tumultuous nutrition restaurants is the harmful and wrong practice that comes with an order of a double cheeseburger with a side order of sensitive fries and a drink. Eric Schlosser, the author of Fast Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, had do several(prenominal) negative interpretation about the functionality of fast aliment corporation. Such interpretation can be in relations of what a typical Marxist would speak out about, such as the circumstance that fast nutriment corporation tends to do whatever means possible to reach the end of making a existent beat of profit.In Fast Food Nations The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, Schlosser addressed on the unethical practices of producing profit which includes the allegory of sediment phrases, the systematic of mass production, and the management of poor quality with emphasis of large quantity. Some of the claims that Schlosser pull out can be viewed similarly to the aspects of Karl Marx and his believers, the Marxists. M each Marxists can strongly support Schlossers claim with a Marxist interpretation of an accusation of Capitalism.Marxist is known as a group of socialist and they believes that the establishments thrift should be equally sh atomic number 18d amongst all working classes. Without a doubt, Schlosser had exposed the fact that corporations like McDonalds, Carls Jr, Burger King, and so forth had make great profits from exploiting the landed estates under fire(predicate) workers who atomic number 18 allowing to work at any cost. These vulnerable workers can be just about anyone from teenagers to first generation immigrants.All in all, Schlosser had made a strong argument to persuade the nation from supporting profit-hungry Corporation by revealing of its unethical practices that may be a convincing ingredient for the nation to think twice before entering a nonher fast viands restaurant. One of the m any reasons why fast food restaurants ar successful is because they know how to market themselves properly with small soppy message that appeals to the friendship.Sentimental message might non mean more, scarcely when families of the community are win over that the restaurant cares about them, they will be inclined to support their business. Its a shame that the community does not see the mockery in their sentimental messages. Example of the irony would be Mcdonalds creating the Ronald McDonald House of almsgiving to ask customers for additional donations, in which all proceeds of that donation will help other counties hospital. The irony of this all is that fast food is besides the reason why kids are unhealthy.It is also common fellowship that fast food is the leading cause of obesity and obesity can lead to various amount of health-related problem. Another reason why fast food restaurants are successful is because fast food industries tar spoil a younger audience such as children. Their techniques on children are simple, because children love collecting toys and items that relates to resume figures that they are familiar with. Therefore, these corporations would purchase patents and the rights to use their cartoon figure or icon on their product, which typically sells efficiently with kids.These items are not just popular amongst the childrens age group, notwithstanding many great(p) collectors have also bought Teenie Beanie Baby Happy Meals, kept the dolls, and threw away the food (Schlosser 48). These cross promotions amid brands has done two things strengthens ties mingled with fast food industries and companies and also create an irresistible addiction between collectors and the industries. Another marketing strategy that these fast food industries utilize is to slightly modify the collectibles colors or parts to attract customers to overlook a fortunate collecting a social unit set of the same kind of toys.The surface of the fast food industries may be deceiving to the general public, but it certainly is not easily deceitful to the workers who dealt with jobs within a fast food industry. While the economy continues to look like steep slide, workers are becoming more willing to work at any jobs in order to financially support their family and themselves. These very same workers that work for fast food industries, are typically teenagers or first generation immigrants because fast food industries knows that these two candidates are perfect for exploitation.Also, because they are less likely to form unions, complain about conditions, and complain about long hours. Fast food industries, like most Marxist-invaded counties, know how to exploit their workers at their fullest potency. They hire the uneducated youth with the least potential to start a union. They view workers as cheap objects that they can be hired and shoot at the will of their employers. Unlike a business firm, these fast food industries rarely give r aises to their employees, but kind of they ould motivate their workers with encouragements or compliments. Since these workers are uneducated and dont know their rights enough to argue, they would simply respond to their employers encouragement or compliment with better performances. Aside from the wages, these jobs are more than often dangerous. It is not certain whether these companies have spent enough money to properly train workers to diligently use the restaurants equipment which would proscribe health incidents and work injuries. Reasons being that these companies are profit-focused.They will try to minimize their spending as much as possible to make sure that they maximize the profit. Some of these jobs are even done by illegal immigrants or anyone desperate enough for a job at a later shadow shift, because its extremely dangerous and companies do not want to risk going into law suits or paying for higher life insurances for their workers with all means to maximize their p rofit. Schlosser had mentioned a story about Kenny Dobbin, as an example of a worker who was a victim of such unethical offense.Kenny was an uneducated man with no literacy skills, but was tall and strong. He was hired by Monfort, a eye-packing plant company, whom took advantage of Kennys almsgiving and abused him by placing him in dangerous working condition. After sixteen years of pure dedication, Kenny was fired because of his severe injuries from work, because the company does not want to pay for a higher insurance coverage for him. Kenny was at a time strong and powerfully built, he now walks with difficulty, tires easily, and feels useless as though his life were over.He is forty-six years old (Schlosser 190). Kenny, however, is still considered to be one of the fortunate one because he is able to get his story out unlike many other victims who werent able to get their stories out because they are still working with the injuries that they have attained from work. Some of th e reasons that explain why they dont complain about their injuries are because they dont want to be fired and stress the difficulties of finding some other job. These are just some of the examples of the inhumanely acts that fast food industries had commit to their workers.Workers might understand the ruthlessness that lies within their job, but they might not know what kind of quality the management has selected for the product that they are working with. Aside from managing workers and their wages, fast food industries also manages their food supplies to ensure the greatest amount of profit. By doing so, managements of fast food industries would choose the cheapest quality of meat thats barely edible, refrozen fries that have been made with preservatives, and also wheat from a wheat field that have been sprayed with pesticides on a regular basis. some(prenominal) fast food critics, including Schlosser, argued that fast food industries are more concern about the superficial ambi t and the smell of the product rather than the natural healthy content of the product. Schlosser had mentioned that the Food and Drug Administration does not require flavor companies to disclose the ingredients of their addictive, so long as all the chemicals are considered by the chest to be generally regarded as safe, which means that the governing body had betrayed the consumers and had gave fast food industries the additional power to make existent amount of profit.Most fast food restaurant took advantage of the governments lack of responsibility and would spend as little as possible on meat. This course of action might be grievous for business, but it is absolutely terrible for the consumers who invest their health in these fast food products. In the ahead of time years of fast food industries, many fast food restaurants have been criticized for their contaminated burgers because of the hospitalized and illness panache that consumers are recognizing prior to eating their burgers.The fast food industries did not know how to react to such grand pressure, so they attempt to shift the blame to the farmers. Eventually the government realized the decline of fast food industries and initiated the United says Department of Agriculture (USDA) to run a federal inspection test for all the meat packaging industries of the fast food industries. This might have been a good sign of improvement for the government, until the government decided to be secretive about their findings and had agreed with fast food industries to not reveal the expand about the companys distributed meat.Today, Fast food industries is still one of the largest marketing industries across nation, but lets not forget about the labor policies, marketing strategies, and agricultural techniques that comes within their products. Schlosser had made enough strong argument about the business tactics that are responsible for the success of fast food industries. Such tactics that targets children a nd families with collectibles and sentimental values, hiring workers that are more willing to work with minimum wages, and also managing a horrible quality of food supplies.These factors might be great for the industries because they prospering a substantial amount of profit, but it are unhealthy for the consumers across the nation. Hopefully in the near future, United States Department of Agriculture would interfere with regulations that would prevent fast food industries from exploiting the community of its self-motivated individuals. Schlosser also believed that the government should create a federal agency that promotes more safety laws that could also reduce the number of slaughter workers who get hurt (Schlosser 264).With the workers safety conditions controlled, it would also be the nations best interest to end obesity, by controlling the establishment of fast food restaurants allowed per community and to open up healthier restaurants. Now on a more practical basis, student s and the community should raise awareness of the unethical practices of fast food industries, and promote healthier eating habits within their community. With this practical practice, fast food industries will be prone to being eliminated, and the community will live a longer and healthier life.

Assess the Global Role and Local Impact of Multinational Companies.

Assess the global role and local touch of transnational companies. A multinational gild is often defined as a corporation whose operations and investments are broaden across a number of countries. They are also referred to as transnational companies. because given this definition it would be expected that if a fraternity operates over such a broad territory that it would indeed rich person many personal effects and impacts, loc exclusivelyy and globally, and its role would also be quite signifi potfult as it offer move over a direct influence on an economy, the purlieu and frequent effects on ordination.However, changing the way they run things in order to accomidate society could watch there railway line down and they could finally have no impact on society so looking at the situation is they impacts deserving the change? Theory has evolved over the years regarding social concerns, societys expectations and corporate responsibility.Indeed, early steering and econo mic theorists viewed the corporation as having a strong fiduciary responsibility to shareholders, but stopped soon of considering any real obligation to new(prenominal) stakeholder groups (Friedman 1962 Teece 1984) (Corporate social responsibility, Accountability and Governance Istemi Demirag). This statement I hypothesize is very true, out-of-pocket to the fact that, as time continues hatfuls mentations of what is deemed socially responsible in both corporate and everyday society varies, as it is a sensitive topic that is very opinion based.Corporate social responsibility is when companies realise that their activities have economic, social and environmental influences. However, to put it simply it place be divided into two broad categories one-off activities and larger issues of policy and strategy. One-off activities basically cover things such as charit subject donations of money and time given to charities or community projects, all of which are at the understanding of the owners of the social club. Larger issues of policy and strategy is where the company demand to have a much more prone awareness to the self-coloreds moral, social, ethical and environmental acts within its operations.This requires the company to take a look at other external influences that directly require the none, such as pressure groups. This could be seen as a compositors case of contingency planning as it helps a firm avoid future conflicting pursuances with the placeside world. acting socially responsible brings many benefits to both the company and society, if the correct approach is used. So by a firm accepting social responsibility, everyday problems can be reduced such as unemployment and pollution.Therefore you would also see a vast improvement in the quality of life, as society would be factored into the day to day decision making process of the company. A business which includes this approach is most credibly to see more of a tangible outcome, as they impart probably benefit from increased monetary performance from activities such as reduced operating costs from recycling instead of waste disposal. The company could also enhance its brand image from a good character and gain the ability to depict capital and trading, so will therefore see the benefits from increased sales and customer loyalty.However, this could also be a case for firms to non accept this responsibility, as they can suffer from lack of customer interest if they havent found the right approach for them. This is because various businesses see corporate responsibility cosmos relatively constricting, as in some cases it has lead to products having a lack of sales, or makes the product little profitable. This is due to the fact that introducing some of these socially responsible policies into a firm is very costly, so this can lead to an increase priced products for the customers or a smaller profit margin on the product for the company.However, during the re cent economic crisis companies are less likely now more than ever to not act socially responsible as they are more focused on profit and survival. On the other fall there could be a contrasting theory as corporate responsibility can comely be used by a firm as a marketing ploy, as a companys overall strategy is to make profit by responding to what their consumers want, so they whitethorn simply use this method in order to maximise their product life cycle therefore increase its revenue.Contradictions of corporate responsibility have been seen many times over the years within companies such as Barclays Bank CLAIM We have the skills, alternatives and determination to make a exacting and lasting contribution to the communities in which we operate. (Barclays social review, 1999) ACTION Barclays bank closed 172 branches in April 2000 Proctor & Gamble CLAIM An employee should be able to answer yes to the questions is this the right thing to do?With this action uphold p&gs reputation as an ethical company? (Proctor & Gamble code of conduct) ACTION Proctor & Gamble continues to trade in Burma, while other companies have pulled out because of the appalling record of the Burmese government on homo rights. BAT (British American Tobacco) CLAIM its corporate social responsibility report defines targets for reducing energy use, weewee consumption and waste products, and describes its commitment to enlightened employment practices.ACTION it markets its tobacco products ruthlessly to young mountain it was caught on television handing out packets of Benson & Hedges cigarettes to teenage volley ball players in the Gambia. (All three examples used is from AQA AS Business studies, John Wolinski & Gwen Coates) Number of companies using corporate social responsibility reporting, 1994 2006 Source EarthTrends, 2008 using info from UNPE, 2008 The chart above does in fact show that business are starting to realise the magnificence of corporate responsibility and meeting their customers needs by adapting to it.As the chart show continuous ontogeny overall from 1994 to 2006 which does show the significance of the topic to society and the business world. Overall, positive externalities are created for society by companies that except corporate social responsibility as well as direct benefits to the firm. However, a people of multinational companies are based in more of the westernised countries, so there main offices are seen as socially responsible some of which could be just due to the law in which it is governed by.Some of these companies may on the other hand have back offices from outsourcing operations in counties such as chinaware and India, where it is not ensured that these socially responsible factors are creation kept, which is an increasing problem as more and more companies do it each year. Multinational companies also have to be aware of their global role in terms of business ethics. Business ethics can be defined as the entwining of morals or a principle of what is right or wrong in human behaviour (business and society, Edmund Marshall) into a businesss activities.Every company starts with some kind of ethics whether intentional or portrayed by the owners or employees. These ethics are what help structure the way the business is run, even if they are not generally the right ones for society. However, all firms do have to have ethics which coincide with the law of which it is governed by. This does in fact make it trickier for multinational companies to obtain ethics which both abide by the laws of each arena its company occupies, and have them be socially correct so that they are morally respected.Although, not doing so could have major effect on the businesses reputation, as multinational companies are more commonly know as they are generally larger. Therefore, it could result in heavy dents in their consumer base which would later affect the companys revenue. Throughout recent years businesses have been fo rced to notice their participation and effects on the environment, mainly due to societies pressure to do so. However, responding to such pressures can give a firm many advantages such as, marketing opportunities, financial advantage and human resource opportunities.When a company is being Environmentally friendly it portrays t its customers a very good reputation which is a very positive marketing tool. This can help achieve brand recognition more powerfully and even channel a customer to choose them over a competitor. So could overall increase a businesss sales as well as give them stronger brand loyalty. This could even give a firm the opportunity to increase their products profit margins, so that the costs occurred from the change that would benefit the environment will be covered.However, although this change can have a beneficial effect on a company they do have to make vast changes on their operations so that it doesnt have unfortunate effects on the environment. Such as, s uch as the use of raw materials and energy, many companies use delimited resources like coal and oil as they are cheaper, but they will eventually run out and leave negative chemicals behind. So firms need to get word more of a renewable energy resource that suits them. Another environmental impact that occurs often is the disposal of waste and by-products.Currently gases may be released into the atmosphere, liquids into rivers and solids into landfills all of which are extremely harmful to the environment. On the other hand, I do see that it is costly to find other ways of disposal so i think the company should focus more on changing the ways the waste is produced so that less is created. Also when obtaining environmental responsibility, a company needs to make a contingency plans, mainly so that negative externalities do not occur. By doing this if an environmental disaster occurs they can minimise risks and costs so that both the company and society will have less of an effect from t. However, if multinational companies are to take this seriously they are also to look at how their day to day operations effect the environment, such as using private jets instead of dissipated with normal airlines. They could also offer company cars that give out less carbon emissions. Therefore large companies like multinationals will most likely benefit from environmental audits. Overall, over recent years society has began to realise that all businesses have effects on the world locally and globally, even more for multinational companies.Although businesses already realised this, but have just began to take notice more increasingly due to the pressures of society and recent changes in the law. Every aspect of a business has a knock on effect and not just on the economy which some people is lead to believe. The ethics of how the company is run or the ethic they portray are being mirrored on to society. So for the general public to react is not that uncommon whether it is positive or negative. However, I do think that people should force a company to have corporate responsibility so that they know their actions will not just be affecting society without any consequences.Finally, I think that multinational companies have one of the biggest influences on society as they are both global and local too many countries as they are transnational. Therefore they should respect the people of the community they are in and try there hardest to impact lives positively not negatively. . However, changing the way they run things in order to accommodate society could break their business down and they could eventually have no impact on society at all, so looking at the situation is they impacts worth the change?References Books Harvard Business school press, Harvard business review, business and the environment Edmund marshall, Business and society Hans, gunter, transnational industrial relations Istemi demirag, corporate social responsibility, accountability and go vernance, global perspectives fracture eden, environmental issues and business, implications of a changing agenda John wolinski & gwen coates, a2 business studies, aqa John wolinski & gwen coates, as business studies, aqa